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A Time and Materials Contract, often abbreviated as T&M, is a specific type of contract commonly used in the construction industry. It is a contractual format that indicates that the client will pay based on actual costs: the direct labor hours worked (time), the materials directly used in the final product, and a fixed add-on to cover overhead and profits. Unlike fixed-cost contracts, T&M agreements provide greater flexibility as the scope of work can change without having to negotiate a new contract. This type of contract is generally applied in projects where the full extent of the work cannot be determined at the outset. However, their major downside is the potential risk of cost overruns, which makes client oversight crucial.

Bottom-of-Chain or Low-Tier in the construction industry refers to the lowest level of subcontractors or suppliers involved in a construction project. They are at the end of the construction chain, typically providing specific services or materials as subcontracted by higher-tier companies. These can include specialized tasks like electrical work, plumbing, landscaping, or supply of construction materials. Their work is crucial as they lay the foundation for more complex tasks to be executed by upper-tier contractors. They are also bound by the contracts in place, like other members of the chain, although directly managed by mid-tier subcontractors instead of the main contractor.

Financial Statements, in the context of the construction industry, are formal records that portray the financial activities and conditions of a construction company. They're crucial for presenting a company's financial health to stakeholders and assisting in making strategic decisions. The primary types include balance sheets, income statements, cash flow statements, and equity statements. The balance sheet gives an overview of the company's assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity. The income statement shows revenue and expenses, revealing the profit or loss over a period. Cash flow statements illustrate how changes in balance sheet and income statement items affect cash and cash equivalents. Equity statement depicts changes in the owner's interest in company during the accounting period. Without these statements, it would be challenging to understand a construction firm's economic status and make informed future financial decisions.