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Working capital, in the context of the construction industry, is a financial metric which represents the operating liquidity available to a business. It is essential for managing the day-to-day expenses that arise during construction projects. It is calculated by subtracting the current liabilities (what the firm owes within a year) from the current assets (what the firm owns or can quickly convert into cash within a year). These generally include accounts receivable, inventory, and cash on hand. A positive working capital is critically important in the construction industry as it suggests that the company has enough resources to complete current projects without needing additional financing. It also underscores the firm's financial stability in managing its short-term obligations while still growing its operations. Without ample working capital, construction companies may encounter challenges in purchasing materials, paying subcontractors or meeting other immediate expenses.

A Surety, in the context of the construction industry, refers to a third-party entity that provides a guarantee or assurance to a project owner or client that a contractor will fulfill all obligations outlined in a contract. It is typically seen in the form of a surety bond, which protects the project owner against financial losses if the contractor fails to perform or complete the project as per their contractual obligations. The surety bears the risk of contractor's default and is legally responsible to either finance the project to completion or find an alternative contractor. The use of surety is common in projects, especially public construction projects, to ensure their successful completion.

General and Administrative Costs (G&A) in the construction industry refer to expenses associated with day-to-day operations that are not directly tied to a specific project. These are necessary costs for a business to operate but are not easily assignable to a particular construction job. They typically include office rent, utilities, office supplies, insurance, legal fees, accounting services, salaries of non-project related staff, and other management expenses. It's important for construction businesses to carefully manage G&A costs as they can significantly impact the profitability if not monitored and controlled carefully. These costs are usually spread proportionately across various projects, based on some measure like total project labor costs. A high amount might indicate inefficiency, while a very low amount could suggest underinvestment.